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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


««IIIIIM    111112.5 


12.2 


I.I 


ililM     __ 
MO  mil  2.0 


1.25 


1.4 


1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadia:i  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bib*iographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  ie  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Stre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmag;? 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


rvi    Coloured  covers/ 

IX  I    Couverture  de  couleur 

I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


D 
D 


D 


Couverture  endommag^e 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pellicuide 


Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


□    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


□    Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relid  avec  d'autres  documents 


D 
D 
D 
D 

D 
D 
D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pelliculdes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachetdes  oi*  piqu^es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtachdes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  in^gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppiementaire 


D 


D 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  retiure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  Tombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  lo  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  iorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 


D 
D 


Only  edition  available/ 

Seule  Edition  disponible  ^ 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata..  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  film^es  d  nouveau  de  fa^on  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


D 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires: 


This  if^m  is  filmed  at  the  redurtion  ratio  checked  below. 

Ce  dock'ment  est  iHm6  au  tdux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


7f 


26X 


30X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


e 

6tails 
>s  du 
nodifier 
>r  une 
ilmag^ 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photoduplication  Service 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grdce  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photoduplication  Service 

Les  Images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  l'exemplaire  filmd,  et  en 
conformed  avec  les  conditions  du  ccntrat  de 
filmage. 


es 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  Illustrated  Impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  Illustrated  Impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  Illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — »-  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Les  exemplaires  origlnaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim^e  sont  film6s  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernldre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impresslon  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
origlnaux  sont  fllmds  en  commenqant  par  la 
premldre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impresslon  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  sulvants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ^  signlfle  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signlfle  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  Included  In  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  In  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  ieft  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  II  est  film6  d  partir 
de  I'angle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  it  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  pren&nt  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  sulvants 
lllustrent  la  mdthode. 


errata 
I  to 


3  pelure, 
on  d 


n 


32y 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

I 


l1 


P»    iiy^    jj. 


LAST   CENTURY    IDENTIFIED   AS   A 
BOSTON  MAN. 


PHILANTHROPIST 


OF  THE 


BY 


ALEXANDER   GRAHAM  BELL 


f( 


It-! 


</ 


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■ 


^     VV 


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i 


A  PHILANTHHOPIST  (IF  THE  LAST  (lENTFRY 
IDENTIFIED  AS  A  m)ST()N  MAN. 


It  is  iilwuys  inte-n'stinj.'  to  Idok  Imck  td  the  Itciritminjis  oi 
thiiiirs,  iiiul  ill!  tliosc  who  iirt'  intcmstrd  in  the  I'diicatioii  of 
the  nt'iif-}Ui(l-I)uni))  iiatiiraily  desire  to  know  . onu'tliing 
of  the  oiiuiii  of  tiie  art  in  America;  and  to  hiok  back  to 
those  i)hilantliroi)ists  who  first  ur^ed  tlie  eduea<:ioii  of  th(^ 
deaf  in  this  eountrv,  and  jjruve  us  information  eonccrning 
what  was  <h>ne  in  earlier  times  in  Europe.  Now,  the  euri- 
ous  fact  is  found  that  these  earlv  phihmthropists  ajjpeared 
anonvmousiy.  The  results  of  tiieir  efforts  have  heen  very 
irreat.  Today,  we  have  under  iiistruetion,  in  Ameriean 
Sehools  for  the  Deaf,  more  than  ten  thousand  deaf  ehil- 
<h'en,  who,  a  few  yt^ar-!  a<ro,  would  have  been  ternu'd 
"  Deaf-Mutes,"  or  "  Deaf-and-DumI)."  They  are  no  longer 
deaf-and-dumb,  for  more  than  sixty-one  jjcr  eent.  are  now 
taught  to  speak. 

The  first  to  urge  the  educatioji  of  the  Deaf  in  this  coun- 
try, was  a  wj'iter  whose  articles  appeared  in  the  Boston 
newspa])ers,  I'^nder  the  pseudonym  I*h{lo(Mj)hoK  —  the 
friend  of  the  Deaf-and-Duml> — he  published  in  the  Xmi' 
En(ihind  Palladium,  in  1H()3  (June  14),  a  card — "To  the 
Reverend  the  Clergy  (of  every  |)er.suasion  and  denomina- 
tion) of  the  State  of  Massachusetts" — asking  for  details 
concerning  the  Dejif-and-Dumb  within  their  knowledge, 
for  the  puri)ose  of  obtaining  statistics  to  show  that  there 
were  in  this  country  a  suliicient  number  of  Deaf-Mutes  to 
warrant  the  estublislmieut  of  an  American  School  for  the 


4 

Dfiil.     Duriiij;  tlio  course,  of  the  year   1H0;{,  ii  iiimilier  ol 
roininimications  iroiu  this  wntcr  iippciuvd  in  the    PiilUi- 

il  1 11)11. 

Ill  the  same  year  (\m:\)  tiie  l^ilhidhiia  piil.lished  a 
series  of  jtapers  upon  tiie  De  I/Kpee  luetliod  of  instruct- 
inir  tiie  Deaf-and-Duinh,  uihUm-  the  tith' :  "  Kxtraets 
from  letters  of  tlie  ('eleltrated  Altl»e  De  l/Kix'e,  writ- 
ten in  17715,  transhited  l»y  Kraniis  (ireen,  Ks«|.,  of 
Medford." 

On  tiie  first  of  XovemI.er  (IXOiJ)  a  sliort  note  appeared 
in    tlie    PoUddiatii,    wliieh    attatked    the    aceuraey   of   tlie 
statements  ma«h-  l)y    Friineis  (Ireen,  hy  statin<r  tliat  "  the 
iiH'tliod  of  instriietin,ir  tlie  I )eaf-and-l)uml>  ascribed  to  the 
Al»l)e  De   I/Epee  is  now  said  to  liave  b'-eii  invented  hy  M. 
rern^ire,  a  Spaniard."     Wiicrenpon  tiie  anonymous  writer 
Philocophos  wrote  a  h'tt-r  to  tlie  editors  (puhlisiicd    \m'A, 
November  11),  in  whicli  lie  defeiicU'd  the  stut^'Uient  made 
hv    Francis   (Ireen,  and  gave  a  one-column    lecture  upon 
the  art  of  instructinjr  the  Deaf-and-Dunilt.     This  remark- 
a!)le  h'tter  showed  that  PhUocophaH  was  a  master  of  his 
subject:  and   in  it  —  for  the  first  time  in  America — was 
brought  together,  by  title  and  by  specific  reference,  nearly 
the  complete  literature  of  the  world  relating  to  tlu'  educa- 
tion of  the  Deaf-and-Dumb.      I  say  "  for  the  first  time  in 
America,"  be«'ause  a  very  similar  list  had  appeared  at  an 
earlier  date  (1H(U)  in  a  liook  published  in   London,  Kng- 
Ijind,— to  which,  however,  P/tilomp/ios  did  not  refer.      He 
made  no  mention  of  the  liook,  although  it  was — and  still 

is a  standard  work,  from  which  instructors  of  the  deaf,  in 

Hnglish  speaking  countries,  obtiiin  their  knowledge  of  the 
De  1/Kpee  method  of  instruction,  and  of  the  early  works 
relating  to  the  education  of  the  Deaf-and-Dumb.  This 
book  — like  the  letter  of  PhUomphon  —  vf&ii  published 
anonvmously.  It  was  an  English  translation  of  a  work  by 
De  i/Eiiee,  entitled :—"  The  method  of  educating  the 
Deaf-and-Dumb :  confirmed  by  long  experience.     By  the 


i^S^Vil  jv.r5PiJi^i^^'-\'^P"?^'.'^'^^fti^ 


ft 


xVblie  l)c  I/Ki^oc,  trmisiiitcd   fi-oin  the   Fr<'Mcl»  iiiid  liiitiii, 

Tlic  triinsliiti(»ii  was  icpriiitcd  in  Kn<rliiii(l  l>,v  Arrow- 
smith  in  lHl!t';  uiid  in  Aiiu'iicii.  I>v  tli«  Aiiien'nni  Annalx 
nf  the  JJmf,  ill  iKt'.O  (Vol.  XII.,  pp.  1-1  ;{-^). 

Tlu'  anoiiyinous  truiishitor,  in  liis  pivfiico,  bnhijrlit 
(((•M'tlu'i-  tlio  titlos  of  nnirly  nil  tlic  curlier  !»ooks  and 
articles  rolatinjr  to  the  cd  neat  ion  of  the  Dcaf-and-Dnnih  ; 
,i,„l  vet — liUo  riiHontphos — he  oniittod  from  his  list  an 
earlier  and  well  known  hook.  Tins  work  was  entitled  :— 
"Vox  ()«-nlis  Sid)joeta;  —  A  Dissertation  on  the  most 
curious  and  important  Art  (»f  Impartinj.'  Speech  and  tlu- 
Knowledjre  of  Lanjruaire  to  the  natm-allv  Deaf  and  (<'on- 
se<|uenUy)  Dumb:  With  a  particular  Account  of  the 
Academy  of  Messieurs  Hraidwood  of  Hdiid»ur<;h  :  and  a 
Proposal  to  perpetuate  and  extend  the  henelits  tlu^reof. 
Written  by  a  Parent.      London,  17S;{." 

To  this  book  the  world  is  larirely  indebted  for  its 
knowledjje  of  the  celebrated  academy  of  Messrs.  Thomas 
and  .lohn  Braidwood,  of  Hdinburjrh,  opened  in  17(50, 
where  Deaf-Mutes  were  successfully  tau<,dit  to  spc  ak  and 
to  understand  speech  by  watchinjr  the  mouths  of  others. 
It  also  irives  us  our  chief  information  of  the  early  Kn<>lish 
writers  upcm  the  subject;  and,  indeed,  to  the  author  we 
are  indeJ)ted  for  the  preservation  of  nuuh  that  had  been 
written  in  Knjfland  in  the  seventeenth  century  ;  for  he 
(Uioted  voluminously  from  the  early  writers. 

To  Dr.  Joseph  V.  (fordon.  Superintendent  of  the  Illinois 
Institution  for  the  Deaf-and-Dumb,  we  are  indebted  for 
the  discovery  that  the  Translator's  Preface  of  the  De  L'Epee 
translation  of  1«()1,  contains  internal  evidence  that  it  was 
written  by  the  author  of  "Vox  Oeulis  Subjecta";  and  t«. 
Dr.    Samuel   A.    Green,  l..i))rarian    of   the    Massachusetts 

'  See  "  The  Art  of  iiiBtiuctiiiK  the  Uifaiit  <leaf  &  iliitnl) "  by  .lohii  I'auneefort  Ar- 
rowBinith,  Loiulon,  1H19.  To  whi.h  in  annexf.l  the  " metho.l  of  e.hiciitint;  mutes  of 
a  in..re  mature  age  which  has  l.eeu  i.ractise.l  with  so  much  success  on  the  con- 
tinent by  the  Abbe  de  I'Epee." 


■*;'V 


"^i 


llistoiinil  SdcicJv,  we  iir«'  iiidclitcd  loi"  the  intonn.itinn 
tlmt  "  Vox  Ociilis  SuhjtTtH"  \va>  written  It.v  liis  kiiisiimii, — 
Kniiicis  (Jn-cii.  ol  Mcdtnid.  Miissiicliiisctts  (tlic  siuiif  who 
piililiNlicd  triiiisliitioiis  troiii  Dc  I/K|k'(' in  llic  New  Kn-rlund 
l\illiiil!ii,ii,  in  ISO)')). — iind  tliiit  Francis  (iiwii  wiis  uUo 
tlic  nnon\  iiions  writer  I'hllntophos. 

Dr.  (irt'cn  also  iniidf  known  tlic  tiict  tliat  Kriincis 
(irccn  left  nil  iinloltioiiiiipiiv,  wiiicli  still  exists  in  the 
l»oss«'ssion  ot  u  ^'riuidson,  ('oiniiiiin<ler  Knincis  M.  (JreiMi, 
of  tlic  I'liited  States  Navy.  Tisis  nnimhlislied  auto- 
l»io<rrai»liy,  in  the  handwiitin^'  ot    Francis  (iroon    himself 

(\vi-itt«'ii  in  l«»»tl) — conliriMs  and   verifies  the  conchisioii 

that  Francis  (Jreeii, —  /'/u'hxo/i/tos — the  author  of  the  De 
I/Hpce  translation  of  ISOI — and  the  author  of  "Vox  Oculis 
Suhjccta,"  '  were  one  and  the  siinie  |»eisoii. 

Francis  (Jreeii  was  horn  ill   Ilostoii    in    \li'2.      In    171"), 
hisfiither  (lienjainiii)  accoinpanied  Sir  William  Pepperroll, 
as  his  pri.ate  secretarv,  to  Cape  Hreton,  and  after  the  fall 
of  L(niisl)ur<r  he   remained   in    that    city,    holdin«;  official 
positions,  and  later  he  received  a  ^■ovornment  appointment 
at  Halifax,  N.  S.,   where   he   settled   iiermanently  with  \m 
fainilv.      Francis,  however,  spent  a   portion   of  his   school 
days  in  Hoston.      He  was  a  i>upil    in   Mr.    Lovell's   school, 
and  at  the  a«ic  of  fourteen  years  entered  Harvard  Collo<>e. 
The  followin|L>-  year,    17')7,  his    father    havin;>-  provi(msly 
purchased  for  him  an  Hnsipi's   commission  in   the  British 
ariiiv,  he  was  ordered  to  his  rcifimeiit,  where  he  served  for 
some  time.     He  received  his  dejiree  at    Harvai'd  in   17(J(), 
and  in   17l>('>   sold   his   «-()mniission    in    the  army,    returned 
t(»    Boston,     married    his    cousin,    Susanna     (dau,i»hter    of 
the    well-kiiow'ii    patriot   Joseph  (iieeii),  and    cstnhlished 
himself  as  a  meirhant  in  that  <'ity.     Ho  was  an  importer  of 
t>-eneral  merchandise.      He  owned  a  vessel  "  The  Susanna," 


I  A  I'oi'.v  "t  "  Vox  Oi'iiUs  Sul>jeitii,"  .iHitaiuliiK  iiiaiiy  notes  in  the  Imnilwritln); 
of  rniiicis  (im!i!,  may  bo  fountl  in  tlie  Volta  Hiireaii  for  Mm  IncrcaKC  and  IJllTuslon 
of  Knowledge  relttUng  V  the  Ue-f,  ;i5th  and  U  Streets,  Washington,  D.C. 


\vlii<'li  \)\m\  \n'twcvn  Boston  ivml  LoikIoii,  iiii«l  liis  Imsiiicss 
«'xt«'iuhMl  to  sovcnil  of  the  N«'\v  Kn^'liuul  coloiiitvs.      He  liud 
tivt^  cliildn^i  :  two  died  in  iufant-y.      Hv  ii  second  niiiriia;j:f 
lie  hud  si\   children.     Tho   youngest   of    these,   Mathews 
Wvily  (ireen,  was  the   father  of  Coniumnder   Francis   M. 
(Jreen  Ix-fore  mentioiu'd.      As  his  political  prejndices  wen^ 
not  in  strict  ac«'oi'd   with  those   of  .lohn    llancc.ck,  Samuel 
Adams,  an<l  otluTs,  hut   wt'ic  more    in   sympathy  with  the 
loyalist  party,  he  removed  fnnii  Boston    when  (ien.    Howe 
evacuated  the  town,  and   for  several  years   he  appears  to 
hav(^    been    somewhat   of  a  wanderer,     llis   wife   died  in 
177,'>.     In    177»i   he   was   in    Halifax,    N.  S.      In   1777  Ih^ 
was  in  New  York.      Here  he  lost  one,  of  his  little  boys  Ity 
accident;  the  child  was  shockin<rly   burned  and  died  in  a 
few  hours.      In   177S    Francis   (ireen    was    proscribi'd  and 
banished,  and   in    17H0  he   went   to    Kufrland.     His  oidy 
living  son,  ('harles  (ire(Mi,    was   deaf  and   dumb;    and  in 
February,  17«(),  when  about  ei<;ht  years  of  ajre,   he  was 
l)laced  under  the  instruction  <tf  the  celebrated  Thomas  and 
John  Hraidwood,  in  Kdinbur<,di,  Scotland.     The  Braiciwood 
Academy  had  then  been  established  for  about  twenty  years, 
and  had  become  famous  all  over  the  world  for  its  successfid 
instruction  of  the  deaf  and  dumb.     In  May,  17H1,  Franc 
(rreen  paid  a  visit  to  Ediid»ur<;h  to  see  his  son  ;    and  tlu 
little  boy,  anxious  to  exhibit  liii  accomplishments,  eajrerly 
advanced  and  ad(hessed  him  by  word  of  mouth  : — "  How 
do  you  do,  dear  Papa  1 "     We  may   imajrine  the   father's 
sur|)rise  and  delifrht.     "  It  exceeds  the   power  of  words," 
says  Francis  Green,  "  to  eonv(^y  any  idea  of  the  sensations 
experienced  at  this  interview."    He  remained  in  Edinbur«.di 
for  about  six  weeks  and   was  every   day  at  the  Academy. 
He  wrote  a  letter  from  London  to  his  friend,  Mr.  Richaid 
Bagley,  of  New  York,    describing  his   visit  and  the  im- 
pression made  upon  his  mind  by  what  he  saw .    This  letter, 
although  written  in  1781,  was  not  published  until  1804— 
tw<?nty-three  years  after  its  date — when  it  appeared  in  a 


;.    'II 

v:  V' 


-M 


8 


t" 


iiio<li«'al  jouriml  (Imt  witliout  the  writer's  iiiinie),  as  an 
article  "On  tea(lii'i*r  tlie  Deaf  to  uiiderstaiKl  Iian<ruaf«e  aiul 
tile  Diuni)  to  Speal\." '  Tliis  arti»'lc,  ultimately,  after 
many  years,  had  an  infliience  on  the  foundation  of  the  New 
York  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dunilt. 

!n  17H2  Francis  (ireen  ajriiin  visited  his  son  at  the  Hraid- 
wood  School,  and  was  •rroatly  surprised  and  gratified  by 
(he  progi'ess  he  had  mnO  •.  During  his  visits  to  Kdinhurgh 
Francis  (Jreen  had  become  aware  of  the  faet  that  large 
numbers  of  deaf  children  had  lu'cn  denied  admitt'Uice  to 
the  school  because  their  i)arents  were  unable  to  pay  foi' 
their  instruction ;  and  he  soon  conceived  the  idea  of 
establishing  a  ('haritalde  Institution  which  should  furnish 
free  instruction  for  the  deaf.  This  was  the  motive  that  led 
him,  in  178/5,  to  publish  his  book,  "Vox  Oculis  Subjecta," 
in  which  he  developed  his  plan  for  a  |)id»lic  institution  in 
London  to  be  supported  by  subscrijjtion.  IIc^  was  aware 
of  the  fact  that  schools  for  the  education  of  the  deaf  had 
arisen  in  various  countries  during  the  preceding  centuries, 
and  tliat  these  schools  had  perished  when  their  founders 
died  ;  and  he  was  disturbed  by  the  thought  that  the  Hraid- 
woods,  "the  j)reseiit  professors  of  this  art,  like  !>!l  other 
men  '  wlK)se  breath  is  in  their  nostrils,'  may  be  suddenly 
taken  away  before  any  successors  are  duly  iiualiticd." 

"To  render  this  art  universally  successful,"  he  says,  "  it 
is  necessary  that  some  ingenious  young  mi^i  should  i)e 
instructed  and  (|ualiHed  to  assist  and  succeed  the  present 
professors,  and  that  a  fund  should  be  established  under 
the  direction  of  proper  nmnagers,  to  be  ai)plied  to  the 
l)ui'pose  of  educating  those  whose  parents  are  altogether 
unable  to  defray  such  expense,  and  to  assist  others  who 
<'an  afford  a  part  but  not  the  whole,  by  whiv-h  means  all 
the  deaf,  however  scattered,  might  be  collected  and  taught, 

'  See  "Tlie  Medical  Uepository,  &  Keview  of  Aiiierican  I'ulilicaiionK  in  Medicine, 
Hniuery,  and  the  Anxlliary  Biiindies  of  ,S<!lence."  N.  V.,  lWt4,  Vol.  II.  (for  May, 
•lime  &  .Inly),  pp.  T.'l-Tr>,  The  article  haH  lieen  icpuliliMhed  in  the  Aumiviiition 
ttviieir,  Mt.  Airy,  fhiUulelphiu,  Feb.,  lautt,  Vol.  U.,  pp.  tiU-»8. 


A 


»*W-l'Wg!»<l'lVii»*il^H*'MI«^'*''''''''lll 


9 


M  wMi  onwriMYTi«i-r>^ 


line),  as  an 
miruajic  aiul 
atoiy,  after 
of  tlic  Now 

it  tlu'  Braid- 
gratitiod  l»v 
)  Kdinhuriili 

tliat  large 
linitt'UU'o  to 

to  pay  foi' 
tlio  idea  (»t 
)u!d  furnisli 
tivo  that  !(>d 
s  Sultjecta," 
istitution  ill 
^  was  aware 
lie  deaf  had 
ig  conturifs, 
'h'  founders 
it  the  BraicU 
ke  ;•!!  other 
he  suddenly 
liHcd." 
he  says,  "  it 
1  should  \}o 
the  present 
islied  under 
|)lied  to  the 
e  altogether 

others  who 
h  means  all 
.  and  taught, 

ioiiH  in  Medicine, 

ol.   II.  (for  Miiy, 

the  jHnmiiilloii 


and  consequently  rescued  from  certain  ignorance,  from 
idleness,  and  from  want,  as  well  as  e\ery  defect  in  speech 
(however  inconvenient  and  violent)  rectified." — Vox 
Orith's  SuhjeHu. 

To  the  great  disai)i)ointinent  of  Francis  (Jreen,  the 
Braidwoods  did  not  take  kindly  to  his  well-meant  plan  for 
the  perpetuation  and  extension  of  their  system,  and  j)re- 
ferred  to  <'-o  about  it  in  their  ovii  wav.  They  moved  their 
private  school  from  Hdinlmrgh  to  Hackney,  near  London 
(17S3);  and  succeeded  in  creating  a  family  monopoly  of 
the  whole  art  of  instructing  the  deaf  in  (Jreat  Britain, 
which  lasted  at  least  until  the  year  IHl").  Teachers  were 
even  placed  under  heavy  Iionds  to  keep  the  methods  of  in- 
struction secret.  The  Braidwoods  piil)lislH'd  nothing,  and 
indeed,  as  Francis  Green  remarks,  "so  far  from  allowing 
^iie  world  at  large  the  knowledge  of  their  advances  or  the 
benefit  of  their  improvements,  have  rather,  like  Perrcire 
and  IIeini«'ke,  been  (bsirous  of  keeping  them  in  obscvirity 
and  mystery ;  and  (to  borrow  the  comparison  of  a  recent 
writer  upon  an  occasion  not  very  dissimilar)  '  like  the 
Jewish  Talmudists,  who  tlealt  in  secret  writings,  of  allow- 
ing no  i)ersons  to  lie  pi'ofessed  praHtcaJ  miijurers  but  the 
Saidiedrim    themselves.'" — De     V     Epee,    traitslaHon    of 

1801. 

Francis  Green  was  wofully  disappointed  witii  the  liraid- 
woodfannly:  ami  in  1 7H4  he  returned  to  America  and 
took  up  his  residence  near  Halifax,  X.  S.  He  retired  t«> 
his  farm  at  Cole  Harbor  and  became  Higii  Sheriff  of  the 
Countv  of  Halifax.  Here  his  <leaf  son,  Charles,  joined 
him,  after  complcsting  his  education  al  tlu^  Braidwood 
School.  He  did  noc  long,  however,  enjoy  the  pleasure  of 
his  son's  society,  for,  in  less  than  a  year  after  !iis  returr, 
the  young  man  was  accidentully  drowned  at  Cole  Harbor 
while  engaged  in  shooting.  His  death  occurred  in  17«7 
(August  -i!*)-  I"  November  following,  his  father  resigned 
the  otHce  of  high  sheriff,  and  for  several  years  afterwards 


10 


wo  Iiiivp  no  (lofiiiit*^  infonnation  corn'OVMinj;  him.  In  1790 
tiiid  1791  we  find  him  in  Piiriis,  Franoe,  whore  he  was  a 
fre<|upnt  visitor  at  the  Do  L'  Epeii  School  for  tlio  Deaf  and 
Dumb,  whicii  was  then  earried  on  by  the  Abbe  Sicard,  De 
L'  Kpee  liavinjr  died  in  17H9. 

Tile  Abbe  Do  I/Kpee  had  l)oen  a  philanthropist  after  his 
own  lioart^ — a  man  wlio  Iiad  devoted  his  life  and  his  fortmie 
to  the  unfortunate  Deaf-and-Dumb — a  m:in  who  refused 
payment  for  his  services,  allowing  the  wealthy  to  e<lu('ate 
their  own  children  by  othei'  teachers,  and  devoted  himself 
to  the  poor,  without  emolument.  Althoujjh  the  inventor 
of  the  system  of  instruction  whicli  bears  his  name,  charac- 
terized by  the  use  of  a  conventional  lan<rua<;e  of  sijrns, 
De  L'Epee  was  not  wedded  to  anything;  save  the  good  of 
his  pujjils.  He  tau<!:ht  them  to  speak,  and  to  read  speech 
fvoni  the  inou.ths  of  others,  as  well  as  to  conmuuticate  by 
finjror-spelling  and  si<;ns  ; — But  the  Abbe  Sicard  had  <riven 
uj)  teaching  them  uttei'anco,  conducting  their  education 
so'ely  by  silent  methods  of  instruction,  a  plan  which 
grieved  the  kind  heart  of  Francis  Green,  who  had  tender 
recollections  of  the  success  attuined  in  this  direction  with 
his  own  son. 

Returning  to  Lonvlon,  after  his  visit  to  Paris  in  1790 
aJid  1791,  he  became  again  >mbued  with  tlu^  idea  of  estul)- 
lishing  a  charitHbUv  institution  in  London  for  tiie  free 
instruction  of  the  deaf,  lie  at  once  set  about  the  under- 
tiiking,  and  then  found  that  a  few  gentlemen  had  already 
begun  to  take  steps  upon  a  similar  enterprise.  Without 
intpiiring  as  to  how  far  they  were  indebte(!  to  him  for  their 
first  ideas  upon  the  subject,  thi'ough  his  publication  of 
"  V^ox  Oculis  Sul>jectH"  in  17SH,  he  at  once  abandoned  his 
own  plans,  and  united  with  them  to  bring  about  the  practi- 
cal execution  of  their  ideas.  These  efforts  were  successful, 
and  in  1792,  there  Avas  established  in  Bermondsey,  near 
London,  under  the  patro.'.age  of  the  Marr|uis  of  Bucking- 
ham, the  first  charitable  institution  for  the  education  of 


a 


\ 


n 

the  Deaf-juid-Dunil)  ever  opened  in  Enorlisli  speakin<r 
countries.  The  school  stili  exists  as  the  OUl  Kent  Koad 
Institution  in  London.  Francis  (ireen's  name  does  not 
seem  to  have  been  luihlicly  »s.sociated  with  it  in  any  wav. 
His  phihmthropy,  however,  was  of  so  I)road  and  <;enerous 
a  character,  that  he  was  satisfied  with  tlie  fact  of  the 
existence  of  tlie  scliool,  without  chiiinini;  that  i)ers()nal 
recojrnition  which  was  his  due.  He  evidently,  how<^ver, 
was  proud  of  tliis  aciiievenient ;  for  nearly  all  tiie  co))ies 
of  "Vox  Oculis  Subjecta "  which  exist  in  this  country, 
contain  a  note,  in  the  handwritin<r  of  Francis  (Ireen, 
facinij  the  title-pajre,  to  the  foUowinir  effect : — 

"P.  S.  Since  the  publication  of  the  followinjf  a  public 
charitable  institution  lias  been  hanpily  effected  in  Kn<>fland 
under  the  patronage  of  the  Duke  of  Buckin<rhani,  and 
other  l>enevoleMt  chamcters." 

In  1793,  we  find  him  a<rain  in  his  Nova  Scotia  home, 
and  in  December  of  that  year,  he  became  First  Joint 
Treasurer  f'pro  temjwrej  oi  the  Province  of  No\a  Scotia; 
and  in  January,  17J)4,  he  was  a))poiiited  a  Justice  of  the 
(lourt  of  Pleas.  In  17}t(5,  his  lands  and  buildin<«:s  at 
Preston,  Cole  Harbor  and  Dartmouth  were  i)iu"cliased  in 
order  to  make  a  settlement  for  six  hundred  Maroons,  who 
had  arrived  from  JamrJca,  and  now  he  (h'ternn'ned  to 
return  to  the  'and  of  his  nativity  and  to  the  city  of  his 
birth.  In  June,  1797,  he  settled  in  Medford,  near  Boston, 
which  remained  his  home  until  the  day  of  his  death.  lie 
visited  Kuropc  a<rain  about  the  be<;inninff  of  the  present 
century,  and  was  p'ieved  to  find  that  Dc  L'Kjwe,  the  «;reat 
philanthro))ist,  was  almost  forjrotten,  even  in  his  own 
country,  France,  althou<;h  only  a  i  ',w  years  had  elapsed 
since  he  passed  away. 

Fmneis  Green  at  this  time  seems  to  h.ive  formed  the 
resolution  of  i-eseuinjr  from  oblivion  the  writings  of 
De  L'Epee.  He  translated  his  latest  work  into  English, 
and  published  it  in  London  in  1801  ;  and  after  his  return 

LofC. 


It 


to  America  ho  coiitinucd  his  hibors  of  h)ve,  by  translutin*r 
iiiid  puhliishii)";,  thnuijrh  the  «'<)hinni.s  of  the  New  Enffhind 
Pafladi'um,  in  ISOii,  extracts  from  the  earlier  writiiifrs  of 
De  L'Kpee,  \vhi<-h  had  not  bven  reprochiced  in  tlie  former 
worii.  At  the  same  tinie,  nnder  the  pseu(h)n,vm  P/n'lo- 
rnpfios,  he  nrjred  the  estal)Iisiimeiit  of  a  school  for  the 
Deaf  in  Ameri«'a.  >" 

Duriiifr  three  years,  1H(»;?,  1804  and  180r>,  he  continued 
his  pul#lic  appeals  for  an  American  School  for  the  Deaf; 
and  in  1H(»")  he  (»ffered  to  donate  for  this  i)nrpose  the 
protits  of  a  hook  he  had  ti'anslated  (Tasso's  .Jerusalem 
Delivered). 

"But"  he  savs  "the  phUaulhntpif  and  clianfi/  of  the 
preserit  lera  seem  to  he  elhowed  off  from  the  sta<re  by  the 
predomiiiant  speculations  of  the  hankiuij  duuiIu,  and  the 
universal  hisf  of  lucre.  Neither  Coiupassinn,  IfmiKint'ft/ 
nor  Tasfe  nw  likely  to  avail.  'Crencif  niiior  nuuimi,  t/mnif. 
ipse  pecitnid  cresci'f/  The  lust  of  Lucre  keeps  pace  with 
the  increase  of  IVIf.'  '  O  Tewponi .'  O  Moves r  Oh  the 
Times!     Oh  the  Manners!" — (  Autohio-rraphy,  IHOC), 

These  seem  to  have  been  his  lastwio'ds  u])on  the  subject. 
lie  die<l  in  Medtord,  Massachusetts,  on  the  21st  of  April, 
ISOit,  without  havinjr  accomplished  the  object  he  had  so 
much  at  heart. 

In  rej^ard  to  his  claims  to  recoj^nition^  I  may  sav  that 
Krancis  (ireen  was  the  unknown  translator  of  De  L'Kpee  ; 
and  the  anonymous  author  of  "  V^ox  Oeulis  Subjecta :  a 
Dissertation  on  the  most  Curious  and  Lnportant  Art  of 
impartinjf  Speech  and  the  Knowledge  of  Lanjjuafre  to  the 
naturally  Deaf  and  (conseciuently)  Dumb."  He  was  the 
first  to  collate  the  literatiue  of  this  art ;  tlie  earliest  Ameri- 
can wi'iter  ujjon  the  subject ;  the  first  to  lu-ge  the  education 
of  the  Deaf  in  this  country ;  the  pioneer  promoter  of  free 


'  Cresclt  iimor  luiiuiui  Quantum  iiwa  |iecunia  erevlt.    Jurenal,  Sat.  xlv.,  139. 

»Tlii»  sui'i'luct  statement  of  liis  claims  to  recognition  was  prepared  conjointly 
li.v  Itr.  .liiMepli  C,  (ionion  unil  A.  Oraliam  Hell.  See  AHsiivititioii  Herleir,  Vol.  11., 
pi  61. 


« 


13 

schools  for  the  Dent — itoth  in  En<>;hiii(l  and  Aiucrica ;  the 
first  piuvnt  of  a  deaf  thild  to  plead  for  the  ethieutioii  of  all 
deaf  ehildreti. 

It  inav  l»e  interestiiijr  to  know,  in  this  eonneetion,  that  a 
tablet  has  been  erected  to  his  nienjory  "  By  the  Parents  of 
DtMif  ('hildren  in  his  native  City,"  in  the  porch  of  the 
Horace  Mann  School  for  the  Deaf,  ITS  Xewlmry  Street, 
Boston,  Mas.-sachusetts.  ' 


'  Kor  fiiitluT  details  CKmeriiinit  Kraiipis  ({reen,  liiri  iiiiblicutiimH,  anil  luliors  for 
the  Deaf ,  8ee  Tin  .tssitviiilinn  R<riiw,iin  eiliicatiiiiial  iiiatraziiie  |iiilili.slie<l  by  the 
American  Assoeiatlon  to  I'rotniHe  the  Teacliinn  i>f  Speech  to  the  Deaf,  eilileil  by 
Frank  W.  Booth,  Mount  Airy,  niilailelphia  I'enn.,  Vol.  11.,  pp.  M-OS;  Itn-l.'ti. 


I 


^.. 


^ 


